11 : Retrospective
Download File --->>> https://bltlly.com/2tl2vt
Methods: A retrospective study of AAV patients in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort who also had a diagnosis of IBD was conducted. We reviewed the medical records and outcomes of these patients.
Numerous studies have examined the outcomes of infants born to mothers with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Fewer studies have discussed the morbidity of obstetric patients with ITP. We describe a retrospective study of 92 women with ITP during 119 pregnancies over an 11-year period. Most women had thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. At delivery, women in 98 pregnancies (89%) had platelet counts lower than 150 x 109/L; most had mild to moderate thrombocytopenia. For many, the pregnancy was uneventful; however, women had moderate to severe bleeding in 25 pregnancies (21.5%). Women in 37 pregnancies (31.1%) required treatment to increase platelet counts. During delivery, 44 women (37.3%) received epidural analgesia without complications, with most having a platelet count between 50 and 149 x 109/L. Most deliveries (82.4%) were vaginal. Bleeding was uncommon at delivery. Infant platelet counts at birth ranged from 12 to 436 x 109/L; 25.2% of infants had platelet counts lower than 150 x 109/L, and 9% had platelet counts lower than 50 x 109/L. Eighteen infants (14.6%) required treatment for hemostatic impairment. Two fetal deaths occurred. One was caused by hemorrhage. ITP in pregnancy carries a low risk, but mothers and infants may require therapy to raise their platelet counts.
A sprint retrospective is a meeting that gives Agile teams the opportunity to focus on how their work could be improved. The goal is to continually improve the development process through reflection. Typically feedback is based around what worked well, and what could be improved.
Save time by using a collaborative retrospective template after your next project sprint. It lends structure to your feedback session, and will increase productivity by capturing feedback in a simple way that can be easily actioned.
Simple and clear, the Start, Stop, Continue template is one of the simplest retrospectives out there. It is divided into three columns and team members are asked to brainstorm activities and tasks according to the following questions:
Like the Sailboat retrospective, the Hot Air Balloon template is a metaphor that invites teams to imagine they are floating in a hot air balloon and dealing with elements such as winds, weather and weights. It is both a retrospective and futurespective as it asks teams to reflect back on the current sprint as well as look forward all at once.
For example, we could have a retrospective cohort study whereby the investigators go back several decades to get the records of the factory workers from a manufacturing company. These workers could be investigated on how exposure to particular radiation from the machines affected them over the years.
Although less common, the ambidirectional cohort study is conceptually consistent with and shares elements of both the prospective and retrospective studies. It includes the advantages, disadvantages, uses, applications, etc. of both cohort studies.
For example, the development of a new treatment for a particular medical issue may require studying the effects of this treatment on patients compared to the old one that was used in the past. A prospective cohort study will be carried out on new patients who will use this treatment for some time, while a retrospective cohort study will be carried out on patients who used the old treatment.
Prospective and retrospective studies see both examples of longitudinal studies. The process involved in these studies is almost the same, except for the fact that prospective studies are done before the outcome and retrospective survey is done after.
After collecting the data, the next step is data analysis, which is very similar in prospective and retrospective studies. It is noteworthy that the data analysis process in a prospective study is retrospective.
Also known as a case-referent study, the process is said to be retrospective because it starts with an outcome, before tracing it back to the exposures. It is also a type of epidemiological study and is often mistaken for a cohort study.
By relationships between prospective and retrospective studies, case-control is more of a retrospective study compared to a prospective study. Therefore, there is not much relationship between prospective study and case-control.
Numerous studies have examined the outcomes of infants born to mothers with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Fewer studies have discussed the morbidity of obstetric patients with ITP. We describe a retrospective study of 92 women with ITP during 119 pregnancies over an 11-year period. Most women had thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. At delivery, women in 98 pregnancies (89%) had platelet counts lower than 150 109/L; most had mild to moderate thrombocytopenia. For many, the pregnancy was uneventful; however, women had moderate to severe bleeding in 25 pregnancies (21.5%). Women in 37 pregnancies (31.1%) required treatment to increase platelet counts. During delivery, 44 women (37.3%) received epidural analgesia without complications, with most having a platelet count between 50 and 149 109/L. Most deliveries (82.4%) were vaginal. Bleeding was uncommon at delivery. Infant platelet counts at birth ranged from 12 to 436 109/L; 25.2% of infants had platelet counts lower than 150 109/L, and 9% had platelet counts lower than 50 109/L. Eighteen infants (14.6%) required treatment for hemostatic impairment. Two fetal deaths occurred. One was caused by hemorrhage. ITP in pregnancy carries a low risk, but mothers and infants may require therapy to raise their platelet counts. (Blood. 2003;102:4306-4311)
A retrospective chart review was performed for all obstetric patients with ITP who were treated and delivered at the 2 hospitals with obstetric services in Hamilton, Ontario, from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2000. Patients were eligible for the study if they met the inclusion criteria of pregnancy with a diagnosis of ITP or pregnancy with a previous history of ITP. They were considered to have ITP if they had a history of thrombocytopenia for which other causes were excluded. Other causes of thrombocytopenia included sepsis, pregnancy-induced hypertension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, drug-induced thrombocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia associated with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and hereditary forms of thrombocytopenia. For patients whose thrombocytopenia manifested itself in pregnancy, incidental thrombocytopenia of pregnancy was diagnosed if the platelet count was higher than 70 109/L in an otherwise asymptomatic patient. These patients were excluded from the analysis. Thrombocytopenia complicating a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy was diagnosed if the blood pressure was elevated.
In the past 10 years, there has been a shift in our thinking about ITP in pregnancy. Early case reports suggested that ITP in pregnancy carried high morbidity for mother and infant. It was often suggested that mothers with ITP avoid pregnancy or deliver by cesarean section.6-9 In the past, studies were often based on the compilation of small case reports; therefore, they had a potential for worst-case reporting bias. Recent studies have presented a more optimistic view of the impact of ITP, particularly on infants born to mothers with ITP.10-16 For example, our analysis of the prospective and retrospective studies of the past decade, which included 1243 infants born after 1235 pregnancies, indicated that severe neonatal thrombocytopenia (infant platelet count less than 20 109/L) occurred in 4% of ITP pregnancies and that moderate neonatal thrombocytopenia (infant platelet count less than 50 109/L) occurred in 9%.3
We noted that studies describing maternal outcome were uncommon. For this reason, we performed a retrospective analysis of our ITP patients who delivered in the past decade (1990-2000). Because of its retrospective nature, this study has several limitations. The most significant limitation is that though efforts were made to obtain complete information, data are not available for all deliveries. Our collection of data was limited to information documented in the chart and available in the laboratory database. It is possible that many women were followed up by other physicians at other institutions and were assessed at our institution only when it was felt necessary. This would have had the effect of our documenting nonresponses more often than responses. This might have had the effect of decreasing the apparent response rate to corticosteroids, IV IgG, or both. Furthermore, the generalizability of the results of this study may be limited by a possible referral bias. The patients in this study were predominantly from a tertiary care center, and many were followed up by one of the authors. This referral bias may have led to the inclusion of particularly severe or refractory patients in the study population. However, such a worst-case referral bias would tend to strengthen our conclusions that ITP in pregnancy carries relatively low risks for the mother.
Tickets for the retrospective go on sale Thursday, November 10 at noon and are $15; $12 for students, seniors (62+), and persons with disabilities; and $10 for FLC Members. Become a member today! See more and save with a 3+ Film Package or All-Access Passes ($65 for General Public and $35 for Students). Learn more at www.filmlinc.org.
Destination Moon: The 350-Year History of Lunar Exploration: Infographic The moon has long been a goal for human exploration, but that legacy expends farther back than you may know. See our retrospective of humanity's plans to explore the moon for the last four centuries.
We developed and validated a clinically applicable SLFN11 immunohistochemistry assay and retrospectively correlated SLFN11 tumour levels to patient outcome to the standard of care therapies and olaparib maintenance. 59ce067264
https://www.trespect.ch/forum/forum-rund-um-essen/the-love-wager-by-lynn-painter-pdf